Essay writing graphic organizers: 2020

Tuesday, September 15, 2020

Essay Writer Pro

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Friday, September 11, 2020

5 Situations To Use Essay Writing Service In The Film Industry

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Essaytyper

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Professional Essay Writing Services For Students

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Follow Essay Format Guide From Experienced Teacher

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Friday, August 28, 2020

Writers

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Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Online Essay Writing Services By Expert Assignment Writers

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Tuesday, June 2, 2020

Comparison between two people - Free Essay Example

The world has a variety of people living. Some people are similar when you look at them, and some others are similar by nature. Some of the siblings from different families may look alike or similar but also it happens quite in some of the thoughts that they happen to share.Ã‚ It happens that my two cousin brothers have some difference especially when it comes to having same parentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s child. The children are divided by the attitude that they have education style that they have as well as the look and personality that they share. Mr. and Mrs. Dave have been blessed with two children by the name Ravi and Ray. The family has moved to the United States for the past five years. The children are known for the personality that they both have since it is a time difference and some other time it is the same. Ravi is a person that has his attitude of solving the social problems that come in life, and he can succeed all of them. Jay is fat than Ravi. On the other hand, Jay is a person that does not have an idea of solving problems that occur in his life. He is the kind of person that needs to get the help from family or the friends so that he can get out of the difficult situation. This means that the two children have their different perspectives or strategies that they use in solving problems in their lives. Ravi is taller than Jay. He is a person that wears fashionable clothes depending on the occasion that he is attending. He has dark hair that is kept accordingly while jay has long brown hair. He also makes sure t hat he follows all his native countrys culture in all the places that he has ever lived in. Having this difference between the two, it can be difficult to tell if they are two brothers.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Sign Language In Schools. Alternative Sign Language (Als)Is

Sign Language In Schools Alternative Sign Language (ALS) is one language that seems to be forgotten about in our school systems. More schools (from elementary to secondary) have focused more on foreign languages like French and Spanish, while ALS is equally, if not more, important to have in our curriculum. In 2015, studies had shown 360 million people worldwide have seriously disabling hearing loss. Out of 6,500 spoken languages ASL is the sixth most used language so why is it not being taught? The nation believes it is crucial for people to learn languages other than English in order to progress as a society, so shouldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t ALS should be on the list of languages to learn? As much as it is being used sooner or later we all are bound toÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦My personal experience as someone who has met a few deaf people, dealt with a deaf child and have taught my own daughter who is not deaf sign language this language is more important than so many of us realize. The benefits it has for children who have learned ASL at a young age is amazing. I have witnessed that children who have not learned ASL actually took longer to learn the basics, colors, shapes, numbers, alphabet and recognizing the letters out of order. In our society, children normally do not learn any of the basics and truly grasp onto them until they are about four years old. My daughter is two and can tell you all of the basics along with many other things including signing. I started signing to her when she was born and she began signing on her own at ten months old. She is advanced in many areas and knows more then kids twice her age at the daycare she is in. Sing language is truly a fascinating language. Those who can hear only pay attention to the words that are being spoken and not a persons body language this is also. People tend to yell across the room or waive a hand in front of someoneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s face when they want their attention. In the deaf community people would be tapping someone on the shoulder or using eye contact. Those who can not hear pay attention to body movement, facial expressions as well as the vocabulary and grammar used. This language is very visual and theShow MoreRelatedSpecial Education Laws And Regulations Project1468 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesdeafnessÃ¢â‚¬ (Friend, 2012). Children who are hearing impaired make up a small percentage of the students in the school system, and it is considered to be Ã¢â‚¬Å"low incidenceÃ¢â‚¬ impairment. In fact, in 2009, around 1.3 percent of school age children are considered to have some form of hearing impairment (Friend, 2012). Even though this represents a small number of the students in our public schools, it still includes students like Jason, who is a 9 year old fourth grade student who suffers from hearing lossRead MoreAugmentative and Alternative Communication in Children Essay1545 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesAugmentative and alternative communication (AAC) provides a way for children with autism to communicate. According to DeBonis and Donohue (2008), AAC is a communication option for individuals who have difficulty or inability to express themselves verbally. Children with autism who display difficulty in social situations and verbal communication may benefit from AAC use. AAC systems provide a way for children with autism to communicate, enhance verbal language, and participate in social interactionRead MoreThe Role Of Communicative Intent For Communication Essay1276 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesisolated from the world in many ways. There is a multiplicity of methods for communication, both verbal and nonverbal. Different types of communication include, but a re not limited to, gestures, body language, sign language, picture exchange communication systems (PECS), and augmentative-alternative communication devices. It is important that we recognize the differences in each form of communication and their applications to learning. Research suggests between 25 and 61% of children who are diagnosedRead More Inadequate Communication 970 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pageshearing loss and use American Sign Language (ASL) as their primary form of interaction (Mitchell, Young, Bachleda, Karchmer, 2006). Ã¢â‚¬Å"Communication with patients is essential to providing quality medical careÃ¢â‚¬ (Bernard et al., 2006, p. 355). All patients deserve quality healthcare and these populations are no exception. Patients with LEP frequently delay initial medical care, avoid follow-up, and are often noncompliant with treatment recommendations (Flores et al., 2003). This can causeRead MoreIs Language Acquisition Innate Or Taught?1842 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 8 PagesIs language acquisition innate or taught? Do they both play a role in the answer? It is almost common knowledge to know that some human physical characteristics are biologically determined, but it is less well known how it is exactly humans acquire language. Why are we able to learn such a complex skill so quickly? The average child by the time it turns five years old will have a vocabulary of six thousand words. The two most influential theorists that brush on this heated debate as of recently beingRead MoreInstructional Methodology : Picture Exchange Communication System Essay1710 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesthrough PECS training (Tincani, Crozier, Alazetta, 2006). There was an increase in initiations of communication and an increase in the leng th of utterances. When compared to sign language, the rates of acquisition in PECS were faster than rates of acquisition in sign language. Most children preferred PECS to sign language. Also significantly, studies related that there were significant reductions in problem behaviors. Other researchers have found that PECS showed significant post-treatment increasesRead MoreBilingualism : A Culturally And Culturally Diverse Country Essay1413 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesof our country will be introduced to two or more languages from birth and will develop proficiency in these languages following their significant exposure to both. This is referred to as simultaneous bilingualism (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2004). There are many misconceptions about simultaneous bilingualism that are believed to be persistent in society, even within professional groups including teachers, doctors and speech-language therapists (Hamers Blanc, 2000; King FogleRead MoreThe Brain And Different Disorders Involving Children1147 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesbrain structure in children and certain individuals with disabilities. Methods of this study show children ages (7-10) with two girls and two boys; the girls had no medical behavioral, or developmental diagnoses, and were performing at grade level in school while the two boys had been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with one of them suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome. Both boys attend regular grade level classes. Head movement was measured continuously in milliliters withRead MoreUnderstanding a Literacy-Rich Environment1769 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagescontain suffient enough manifestations of this print and other literacy material presented in an attractive way without overwhelming the child. Clearly, literacy-rich environments are of value. They allow children to practice literacy behaviours and language in ways that make sense to them (Roskos Neuman, 1994, p. 264). Roskos and Neuman (1994) too note that from Pestalozzi to the present there has been an abiding belief in the importance of the physical environment as an agent in young childrensRead MoreCase Study : Juan ( English As A Second Language Essay1271 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pages(English as a second language); JuanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s teacher and ELL team need to determine his challenges and propose possible strategies to provide him with a world class education and every possibility that entails. Juan is a 4th grade student who recently immigrated to the United States from Mexico in the 2nd grade. He had experienced a culture shock of sorts and is exhibiting some delays in the English language proficiency. Juan has special learning needs that will be addressed. With the school populus becoming

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Market Research Techniques Of Resmarket Ã¢â‚¬ MyAssignmenthelp.com

Qusetion: Discuss about the Market Research Techniques Of Resmarket Pty. Answer: Introduction The adoption of advance technologies will help ResMarket Pty in understanding the market in an efficient manner so that the products and services of the company can be marketed in a better way. The primary challenges for the company in the modern world is to understand the supply chain in a better way so that the company can steer themselves in earning better profits. The use of technology in marketing helps the company in being proliferated in themarketing environments that are competitive in nature. Most of the industries and sectors have shown that due to the effect of globalization, the competitive environment has increased and with the help of advance technologies, the research of the market can be done in a better way (Armstrong et al. 2015). Technological marketing The advances in the technology in the internal and the external environments of the business has helped ResMarket Pty in segmenting the market in an efficient manner so that the target market can be identified, which will help in selling of the products and the services. The managers of the company can analyze the challenges and the risks, which may lead to the failure of the products and acknowledges the dangers that may be present with the competition from the rival industries (Babin and Zikmund 2015). The innovation is done on a constant manner so that it helps in improving the strategies that are present in marketing, which in turn will help in delivering better benefits and satisfaction to the customers. The use of the advanced technologies will help in making better decisions so that the products can be successful in the market. The use of better technologies will help the company in storing the data in an efficient way so that they can have an interactive session with the cons umers regarding the products and services. By using technology, the firms increase their level of flexibility, which helps in attracting the customers and respond to their demands in an efficient way (Johnston and Marshall 2016). Technological strategies for firms The use of electronic in the process of marketing helps in executing the benefits and satisfaction of the customers so that it helps the firms in understanding the demands in the market. The use of technologies help the firms in gaining a competitive advantage over the other firms with respect to the macro environments that are present in the market place. The use of these technologies helps the organizations in being recognized on an international basis, which will help them in attracting global consumers as well. The advances in the technologies have proved to be efficient and effective for the organization in the process of marketing due to many reasons (Ross 2016). Market segmentation based on technology The use of e-commerce by the organizations has helped ResMarket Pty in segmenting the market so that they can have a competitive position in the market. With the application of technologies by the organizations, they can create a better target market so that themarketing mix can be participative and active, as the feedbacks from the customers will help in designing the products in a better way. The use of software models that are geo-demographic in nature will help the company in analyzing and mapping the customers within a particular market place so that the products can be sold in a better way (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). This will help the company, as they will get a chance of improving the experience with respect to the customer service. The use of the advances in technology will help the organizations in identifying the specific target markets that will be benefit from the products and services. E-promotional activities in mix marketing The promotional expenses help the marketers in understanding their performances, which will help in analyzing the expectations that will help in the development of the organizations. The use of technology helps in influencing most of the strategies of marketing, which are divided mainly between the goals and strategies of the company along with the programs and the action plans that will be taken up the company (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The use of the internet helps in enhancing and integrating the promotional mix based on which the company will ensure its survival in the market. The impact of technology will help in manipulating and designing the elements in the marketing mix so that it will be beneficial for the product at various stages of its life cycle. An example of this would be promotions and personal selling methods of a product at the declining stage of the life cycle so that the sales of the product can be pushed in a better way in the market. The use of technology will he lp in increasing the interactiveness of these particular products so that the suppliers and the customers can easily understand the commercial messages (Xiang, Magnini and Fesenmaier 2015). Market research driven by technology The use of the sophisticated technologies in the modern world that is internet helps in improving the collection of information so that the company can benefit through the research in an efficient manner. One of the most efficient research tools for ResMarket Pty is to examine the web page of the competitors so that the company can gain a competitive advantage with respect to the products and services that are being offered by the rival company. The online shopping portals allow the customers in viewing various products and services under different categories so that they can have a wide variety of options to choose from the offerings of the company (Strauss 2016). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the use of technological advances creates a positive impact on the marketing research techniques by the company so that they can market the products and services in a better way towards the customers. By efficient use of the technologies, the company are also in a better position to gain competitive advantages, as they have the chance to review the products and the services that are being offered by the rival company. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Johnston, M.W. and Marshall, G.W., 2016.Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Ross, D.F., 2016.Introduction to e-supply chain management: engaging technology to build market-winning business partnerships. CRC Press. Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016.Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Strauss, J., 2016.E-marketing. Routledge. Xiang, Z., Magnini, V.P. and Fesenmaier, D.R., 2015. Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, pp.244-249.

Saturday, April 18, 2020

Pms (Pre-Menstrual Syndrome) Defense Essays - Menstrual Cycle

Pms (Pre-Menstrual Syndrome) Defense The question has been posed, ?What characteristics of employees, other than those explicitly covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act, can employers consider when hiring, firing, or promoting employees. This is a question that has become critical to answer, as ADA claims exceeded 91,000 in number between 1992 and 1997. Of these claims, the agency discovered reasonable cause to believe that discrimination occurred in only 3.1% of the cases. Many of these claims were built on seemingly weak foundations. Actual cases of discrimination have been brought (and denied) on claims of disability due to myopia, body odor, infertility, and ?anxiety brought on by admonishment from a supervisor.? Considering the costs of defending oneself against a claim, how likely are firms to capitulate to the specter of impropriety? Put another way, even if a firm believes that a candidate for hiring or promotion is not qualified for advancement, is the possibility of the candidate raising issue under the ADA enough to scare the company into selecting them? This question becomes even more convoluted when the malady in question is a legitimately recognized disability, but is itself an offshoot of some other syndrome. The PMS Defense Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) affects nearly all women at some point during their reproductive years. Fifty percent of women suffer from PMS regularly throughout their lives, and as many as 10% of women seek medical help to alleviate the symptoms of PMS. While the question of whether or not PMS is disabling is a contestable topic, the symptoms of PMS are widely accepted as having a debilitating effect on one's life functions. These symptoms range from headaches and insomnia to irritability and fatigue and their negative affect on one's ability to work at peak performance seems to be a reasonable inference. You will have to search under many rocks to find a company that will discriminate against a candidate on the basis of her suffering from PMS. But it seems reasonable for a company to consider factors such as ability to get along with other employees, attendance record, and consistency of performance when determining (as one example) which candidate to promote to a managerial position. The underlying biology of PMS gives credence to claims of it as a disability. While there are some ?corrective steps? women can take to mitigate the effects of PMS (such as a well balanced diet or vitamin supplements or other medical intervention), there is little to nothing that can be done to do away with PMS altogether. PMS is caused by a drop in progesterone levels or an increase in estrogen levels at a relatively predictable period during a woman's menstrual cycle. Implications for employers PMS has successfully been used as a defense in a criminal case in at least one incident. A Virginia state court accepted a woman's claim that PMS caused her to ?become intoxicated more easily? and justified her hostility towards a Virginia State Trooper who had pulled her over for erratic driving. Her lawyer successfully argued that her PMS had caused her to become ?more irritable and hostile than other people?. Lets assume for a moment that this is a reasonable ruling by the Virginia court, and PMS can be considered a disability protected by the ADA. What are the implications for employers? What are the ?reasonable accommodations? an employer might be expected to take to ensure a fair environment? To illustrate the difficulty of this situation, let's consider an industry where human interaction is the predominant responsibility, such as a retail establishment. The primary responsibility of a retail establishment, such as a restaurant or hotel, is customer service. The fundamental requirement of customer service is pleasant human interaction. In order for an individual to represent a company well, employees must maintain a professional demeanor throughout their dealings with the customer. If a woman suffering from PMS is more likely to be impatient or hostile with a customer, does an employer have the right to consider that? In this environment where the most basic duty of the job requires interaction, moving the employee to a ?back-office? job might be considered onerous and unreasonable. There may not be a back office job available that fits the particular skill set of the woman in question. In a service environment

Saturday, March 14, 2020

buy custom Nutrition Assessment essay

buy custom Nutrition Assessment essay There are some quick facts that athletes needs to note regarding their nutrition. One is that they achieve their peak performance through eating a wide range of foods and training, Much is gained from the stored carbohydrates amount in the athletes body, Depending on the duration taken by the exercise or the athletes condition, there reaches a time when fat is needed for provision of fuel, the protein need of an athlete can be increased by the kind of exercises that are undertaken, and water is very essential for athletes based on the fact that dehydration can lead to fatigue and muscle cramps. As a result of the stated facts; it is clear that for an athlete to expel in athletics, one should have perfect genes, good body conditioning and training and a reasonable diet. To maintain a peak performance, it is therefore necessary that an athlete ensures that they have an optimal diet. Lack of correct information regarding nutrition can be harmful towards the course of achieving the goals of the athlete (Rusell, 2005). During the early stages of an exercise that is temperate, about 50% of the energy taken by the body comes from carbohydrates. The energy produced by carbohydrates for every unit of oxygen that has been consumed is higher than that produced from fats. Based on the fact that the supply of oxygen during the long duration activities, it is advisable that the athlete consumes the diet with the least requirement of oxygen for every kilocalorie that has been produced. After being ingested, carbohydrates are partially digested in the mouth as a result of the action of amylase enzyme that is found in saliva. The digestion then continues in the stomach but is slowed down by the digestive acids that are released into the stomach. Pancreatic amylase furthers the breakdown in the duodenum breaking the carbohydrates further to sucrose, lactose and maltose. Sucrase, lactase and maltase acts further on the food as it is carried into the intestines breaking it into very small bits that are converted into glucose before being absorbed into the bloodstream. While the athlete is undertaking any activity the energy that is needed appears in the form of ATP and this is stored in small quantities that be utilized by the body in a few seconds and hence the need to replace it every other time. As mentioned earlier, the carbohydrates that have been consumed produces glucose to the body. The glucose is stored as glycogen for production of energy in later stages (Fink et al, 2008). Sports people have different needs of energy but this dependent on the body size, composition and the kind of physical training they are undergoing. A person with a small body needs about 1500 calories for maintenance of the body weight. In this case, Zoe weighs 135 and a height of 58 and this means she has a large muscle mass and needs more calories, about 4000, to maintain her body weight. The fuel that is consumed by the body of an athlete during training is dependent on their sex, the duration or intensity of their exercise and the nutritional status of the athlete. The central part of the nutritional plan is based on the three major macronutrients for every athlete and these are proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The average intake of nutrients is 56-58 carbohydrates energy, 11-15% energy from proteins and 24-30 % energy from fat. However, these ranges from one athlete to the other depending on a number of varying factors from individual to the other as mentioned before (Rusell, 2005). The utilization of carbohydrates increases as the work intensity increases. During the process of digestion of the carbohydrates, they are broken down into glucose and this is stored as glycogen in the body muscles. When the athlete is actively participating in the the sport or during the routine exercises, the energy is produced through conversion of the glycogen back into glucose (Collins, 2007). Only a limited quantity carbohydrate is stored by the body in the liver and the muscles. Provided the event does not take more than one and a half hours, the glycogen in the muscle is sufficient to supply the energy that is needed for the activity. For the activities that involve hard work and for more than one and a half hours, a diet with high concentration of carbohydrates that was eaten a few days before undertaking the activity permits the space storage of glycogen to get filled. This means that whenever Zoe is doing the running or during the soccer matches, she can benefit a lot from taking a diet prior to competition and the diet is supposed to contain about 70 percent carbohydrates calories Collins, 2007). It has been proven that athletes or soccer players who are on a high-carbohydrate diet can be able to exercise for long hours as compared to those who have not taken such a meal. However, it is not advisable that Zoe gets used to the high-carbohydrate diet based on the fact that the body may get used to obtaining fuel from carbohydrates instead of incorporating the fatty acids that come from fats (Fink et al, 2008). One thing that Zoe needs to know is that to be able to sustain her performance in relation to the feeding habits, there is an appropriate time that one needs to feed especially prior to a game or a training session. The absorption of food needs to have been accomplished and the glycogen stores replenished fully before one starts an active exercise. After the training session or a competition, Zoe needs to know that her glycogen stores gets depleted and she needs to put into consideration the time taken for the carbohydrates to be changed into blood glucose that is then stored in the muscles (Rusell, 2005). This is very important especially if she is to undertake some games in a series. This is where the Glysemic Index (GI) of food comes in. the foods whose GI is high take about 1 to 2 hours for absorption to take place while those with low GI take about 3 to 4 hours. As a result, consuming of carbohydrates whose GI is high in two hours time after undertaking an activity will assist Z oe in replenishing the glycogen stores and this will lead to a fast recovery time. These stores are known to take about half a day during rest or sleep and this means that she should consider taking breakfast always. Eating some snacks will play a part in maximizing the glycogen stores, minimizing storage of fat and stabilizing blood glucose as well as levels of insulin (Fink et al, 2008). Fats and oils assist the body of the sports people with the provision of fuel for the body. Half of the energy that is spent on a moderate exercise is derived from the metabolism of fatty acids that are free (Fink et al, 2008). When the individual undertakes an activity that will take more than an hour, the body can mostly use fats for the provision of energy and based on the fact that she is a trained athlete, her fat utilization will be higher than that of a person that is not trained. Based on the fact that Zoe is heavy and may be considering loosing some weigh, she can be tempted to practice fat restriction and this can affect her performance based on the fact that the fat intake should never be below 15% of the total energy intake and if this is not checked, the performance of Zoe may be affected immensely (Rusell, 2005). In addition to carbohydrates and fats, proteins are also responsible for the provision of energy for the athletes body. In case there is extra protein that has been consumed, it is stored in the body as fat. What Zoe needs to know is that, with the kind of kilograms that she weighs, she does not need to add weight any longer and if anything, she should be thinking of how to shed some of the weight that she has. As a result, she should ensure that she only takes enough proteins to avoid some fat storage in the body in form of the excess proteins. The protein intake of Zoe should range between 10% and 12% of the total calories to ensure that her intake fits what her body requires and that there is no excess to avoid harm. This translates to about 1.2-1.7 grams of protein for every kilogram of her body weight (Fink et al, 2008). Based on the fact that Zoe exercises vigorous almost everyday except on Sundays, her feeding habits needs to incorporate carbs amounts that range from moderate to elevated amounts. In her feeding programmes, she needs to incorporate about 6gm of carbohydrates for every Kilogram of her body weight and considering that she is 135Kg, this means that she needs about 810grams of carbohydrates each day. In short the carbohydrates intake should be about 45% of her calories or carbs about 65% of the calories being used. This will assist her in avoiding chronic fatigue as well as overloading her liver and muscles with glycogen. The protein intake for Zoe is 1.1 to 1.4 grams protein for every kilogram of her body weight (Fink et al, 2008). For the protein to be used to maintain the tissues of the muscles and not as a fuel source there should be enough carbohydrates as mentioned earlier. In regard to the fats and oils intake, Zoe as an athlete who exercises regularly almost everyday can take up to 30% of what she consumes daily. However, having in mind that Zoe is a huge person with an excessive body weight; she needs to maintaain the percentage of oils and fats at a mere minimum. It should be noted that the fats should have very little or no amounts of trans or saturated fats and rich in unsaturated fats (Collins, 2007). Based on the fact that carbohydrates in its digestive forms undergoes a transformation into glucose, the glucose has to provide the body tissues and cells in form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and in this case the metabolism of glucose is carried out in three major stages; glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. During the athletic activity, the level of hormones shifts and this homeostasis disruption makes some alteration to the carbohydrates glucose metabolism as well as other molecules that bears some energy (Collins, 2007). Glycolysis is the first step of glucose breakdown. When glucose enters the cells cytosol or the fluid of the cell, it is changed into pyruvate 2 or 3 carbon molecules through a number of reactions (ten) which are catalyzed by different enzymes. For every molecule of glucose, two ATP are generated and since ADP is changed to ATP throughout the breakdown carried out on the substrate glucose, a process that is referred to as phosphorylation of substrate-level (Haugen, 2010). During glycolysis, the most precious enzyme is the phosphofructokinase or PFK that is responsible for the catalysis of the 3rd reaction in the entire sequence. The reaction is favored by physiologic conditions and as a result, it is referred to as the committed step. This implies that PFK appears as the one responsible for controlling the metabolism of glucose and in actual sense, this is the reality. When the cell has much energy or ATP, PFK gets inhibited and the glucose breakdown for energy production reduces. Th is kind of regulation where the PFK controls the degradation of glucose to fit the energy requirements is a common issue in biochemistry (Fink et al, 2008). The next stage is the krebs cycle that is said to begin pyruvate that is structured in the cell cytoplasm during glycolysis is moved to the mitochondria whose majority energy that is contained in the glucose gets extracted. The mitochondria facilitate the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA through an enzyme pyruvate carboxlase. This process goes through a series of steps but the main purpose of Krebs Cycle is to ensure that there is provision of high-energy electrons that appear in form of NADH and FADH2 and these are carried forward to the transport chain of the electron (Fink et al, 2008). During the last stage which is known as the oxidative phosphorylation. High energy electrons that are held by both FADH2 and NADH are carried on to an enzyme complex series in the membrane of the mitochondria. In an effort to reap the energy contained in both NADH and FADH2 and changes it to ATP: NADH-Q reductase, cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome reductase. Generally, two ATP molecules are generated from the Kreb Cylcle reactions and electron transport chain then produces around 26-30 ATP. In short, the glucose oxidation as a result of reduction of FADH and NAD+ is joint to the process of phosphorylation of ADP with the aim of producing ADP. This is the reason why this process is referred to as the oxidative phosphorylation (Fink et al, 2008). The processes of anabolic lead to the production of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids, peptides and proteins and this is a collection of different living things materials. The opposite of anabolism is catabolism and this produces molecules that are smaller and are utilized by the cell to form larger molecules. ATP that is rich in energy is the main supplier of energy behind the process of anabolism and this energy is released when the bond breaks and ATP changes to ADP. During the reactions of anabolic, the ATP phosphate bond is transformed into a substrate so as to energize it to prepare it for the subsequent molecule utilization as a raw material for the larger molecule production. Whenever the cell is in need of producing certain proteins, the production is carried only for the specific amino acids that are required for the synthesis of the proteins (Fink et al, 2008). Furthermore there are those amino acids that are applied by the cell to produce glucose that emerges in the blood or a carbohydrate that is kept in the liver and is known as glycogen. As a result, the catabolism products of amino acid do not have accumulations but instead are fed on the anabolic pathways of the synthesis of carbohydrates. The rate of anabolic reactions is regulated by the cell through allosteric enzymes means (Rusell, 2005). Buy custom Nutrition Assessment essay

Thursday, February 27, 2020

The Importance of Utilizing the Large Databases or Other IT Resources Essay

The Importance of Utilizing the Large Databases or Other IT Resources So As To Introduce New Types of Strategies - Essay Example The researcher states that now a day, existence is the essential requirement of an organization because of a competitive business environment around the globe. Along with this, enhancement of profitability is also important for the improvement of the organization in long run. So, most of the members of the management team desire to analyze the market situations and changing scenario, prior introducing or formulating the strategies of the organization. This is because strategies act as a positive source or ideas essential for the sustainability of the organization. However, it might be effective only if appropriate information or strategies are implemented within the organization. Otherwise, it might become an utter failure for the organization in terms of profit margin as well as brand value. If the strategies implemented or formulated are not as per the requirements, then it might lead to negative impacts. The brand image and reputation of the organization might reduce and resulting downfall of the reliability and trust of the brand within the minds of the customers. If the customers switch over to other rival brands, then the brand may never sustain in the market for a long time in the market. So, it is extremely imperative that the organization might attain or formulate accurate information to continue its supremacy or competitiveness. In this recent age, the most imperative process to formulate accurate strategies or information is by analyzing the databases. This is because it offers the highly reliable form of data and information that might facilitate for the betterment of the organization. Along with this, it might facilitate the enhancement of the value of the market shares leading to amplification of its profitability and market share. Along with this, if the profit margin increases, then more and more workers or employees might get engaged in the operations of the organizations thereby improving the rate of productivity.

Monday, February 10, 2020

Department of Fisheries Decision Support System (DSS) Research Paper

Department of Fisheries Decision Support System (DSS) - Research Paper Example Monitoring the changes in the way the activities related to fishing is very essential for a country to fully explore the resource. In most countries the organizations that are given the responsibility to handle and overlook on the fisheries activities faces difficulties in managing the information concerning the subject. Information about different features of fishing is handled in different section in the department (Anand, & Singh, 2006). To ensure that the storage of this information is fully integrated. The department needs a system that will integrate the different systems that are used in different section to handle this information. As such the most appropriate system that can ensure that the detailed data concerning fisheries can be stored effectively and accurately is data warehousing system. The idea of data warehousing is derived from database management as a tool for knowledge management. Data warehouse is a database which stores the organization information that is gathe red from different sources. The storage of such information is centralized. The information concerning different sections of a department is merged and stored in a standard format on a database. Technology used To build an effective data warehousing system, there is need for a data mart. The best software that can be used to develop this is Microsoft SQL server 2008. ... The information that will be stored in this data warehouse will provide the department with evidence-based centralized data that can be retrieved and used to produce a report. The errors that accrue due to data not being consistence are eliminated. In addition, the long process of processing this data to come up with a reconciled report is also eliminated. More so, the report that is produced from analyzing this data is of high quality. The process of getting the data from the system is also simplified (Trevor, 2010). In a decision support process that uses data from data warehousing system, the people concern can come up with queries and report that originate from themselves. The capability of the system to display the information in a manner that the user can recognize and make use of it with a lot of simplicity is something that cannot be undermined. In general, the process of retrieving the data from the system is shortened and at the same time it is user friendly. Another advant age with data warehousing is the fact that the data that is found in the system is clean and can be trusted. This means that the confidentiality, accuracy and integrity of such data are guaranteed. In addition, the ability of Microsoft SQL servers to store a massive volume of data makes it possible for trend analysis. Scope of the problem The department has the responsibility of coming up with detailed report of the findings they get after completing a field trip. In addition, they are also supposed to give a report after three months and at the end of the year. This report entails all the tasks that are carried out I a particular period and also there is the policy information that goes to the stakeholders. The information system that the department uses

Friday, January 31, 2020

Recession in American economy Essay Example for Free

Recession in American economy Essay The economic meaning of the term recession is, Ã¢â‚¬Å"A period of economic decline in a Country, characterized by reduced trade and industrial activity, production decline and increased levels of unemployment. It normally lasts between one and two quarters consecutivelyÃ¢â‚¬ , (Tremblay; 2007). In the US, incidences of recession have occurred since 1854. This paper, seeks address the reasons for recession in the US, with reference to the principles of consumer behavior and the firm as a whole. Observers were not expecting an incidence of recession this time round. Most observers have been persuaded to expect moderate economic growth rates in the US, of about 2 to 3 percent and a moderate inflation of around 2 percent (George. S, 2008). This is due to the fact that the US economy has proved to be the most resilient in the world. They however (the observers), have good reasons to back their predictions; 1. They have placed their hopes on relatively stimulative monetary policy to keep consumption and investment spending up and expect the worst of the housing decline to be over. 2. With stock prices making new highs, some point out that presidential and stock market cycles are favorable to higher stock prices since investing during 27 months before a US presidential election has proved in the past to be more Profitable than investing during 21 months after elections. In the October 16th issue of Headwinds, 2007 for the US economy, it is explained that macro-economic conditions make it a matter of months before the US economy and the dollar begun to experience some downward pressure (recession). This is probably the time for this recession. The US is the country with the highest gross domestic product (GDP) in the world, with a GDP of $13 trillion . This has however reduced in the recent past. Employment levels have also declined. Production levels have gone down owing to cut-throat competition from emerging world producers like China and other Asian Countries. An attempt by the households to save more from a given income led to the decrease in actual amount they succeeded to save-paradox of thrift, (Lachman, 2008). Different reasons can however be put forward to explain the causes of this recession; 1) The outgoing administrationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s short term reaction that they gave the economy before the 2004 and 2006 elections through a combination of large tax cuts and large increase in military spending. This ended up being a waste as billions of dollars were spent on a futile war (Trembley, 2007) 2) Record budgetary and current account deficits have severely neutralized the federal monetary policy attitude, because interest rates cannot be reduced substantially for fear of a collapse of the US dollar from the federal budgetary deficits as they are being reigned on. (Lachman, 2008) 3) With all this taking place at the same time that the construction industry is in disarray and housing prices have tapered off or are declining. Be that as it may, it is important to note that home ownership is more widespread than stock ownership; slightly more than two thirds of Americans own their homes, while less than half own equities. The objective of the households is to maximize utility. By spending more on home ownership than on stocks, utility is attained quickly and it is within the consumers budget space (Ingdahl, 2008). 4) This rules the question of how long the American consumer will keep up the high pace of spending in such a context. During the years of the housing boom, consumer spending was driven by the accumulation of wealth and record consumer indebtedness, most of it in the form of mortgages as the price of houses increased. Now that the reverse is occurring and banks and other loaners are reclaiming property for unpaid debts, a retrenchment in consumer spending cannot be ruled out (Trembley, 2007). 5) Protectionist push from the Democrat controlled congress, risks putting in jeopardy the flow of capital of about $2 billion a day that the US economy is borrowing from abroad (mainly from China and Japan). Trade frictions between the US and China could force banks to raise interest rates and not lower them. In any case, the banks would not lower the interest rates as expected to make up for the housing crisis (Trembley, 2007). 6) Collapse of one and possibly several major financial institutions under the pressure of bad loans and record foreclosures (take possession of somebodyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s property usually because they have not paid back an agreed part of the loan). Particularly at risk is the sum $2. 5 trillion mountain debt concentrated in sub primes and loans. One major sub prime lender, (New Century Financial) filed for bankruptcy protection. Others are likely to follow suite because 2007 was the year when a large number of sub prime real estate locus had to be renegotiated at higher interest rates. Foreclosures rate is bound to shoot upwards. This will culminate in the next few years into a financial hurricane (Trembley, 2007). 7) The seventh and final reason is a geopolitical factor. The outgoing US administration has created some tension between the US and some countries in the Middle East. The Middle East, is the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s largest oil producing region. In the coming years, the world economy will have to adjust to a peak in oil production and higher prices after the current lull. Geoplitical mistakes made by the outgoing administration have turned the richest oil producing region into a hot war zone making the US economic situation disastrous (Lachman,2008). The above listed reasons shed some light on why the US economy could be undergoing some kind of recession. They however do not provide a conclusive explanation or reasons as to why the American economy could be in recession. Unlike other forecasts, one can only tell when recession started and ended after it has ended. The determination of recession is left to the National Bureau of Research (Campbell. R. M Stanley. L. B, 2005). However, it is possible to tell whether or not the economy is in recession by looking at past cases of recession. The great depression was the worst economic slump ever in the U. S history. It began in 1929 and lasted for close to a decade. Just like a recession, many factors led to the great depression; however, the main cause for the great depression was a combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s and the extensive stock market speculation that took place during the latter part of the same decade. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U. S and Europe. This imbalance of wealth created an unstable economy. The excessive speculation in the late 1920Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s kept the stock market artificially high, but eventually lead to large market crashes, (Gusmorino, 1996). Almost eighty years later, the U. S might be facing the same situation though not as severe as it was then. Wealth disparities are all over the world today. Although the worst cases are not experienced in America, cases of unequal distribution of wealth are still in America. As mentioned earlier, the American household does not invest much on stocks but in acquisition of homes. Speculations in the stock market are relatively high though not as high as it was then. It is not easy to conclude that the American economy is in recession. Whether or not there is a recession, depends on both on actual economic activity and economic analysis in the future. The facts as they are right now, show that the American economy is in recession. REFERENCES. Campbell, R. M. Stanley, L. B. (2005). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Gusmorino, P. A. (1996). Main causes of the Great Depression. Washington: Planet Press George, S. (2008). The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What It Means. Chicago: Public Affairs. Furchgott, D. (2007). The Great Recession of 2008. New York: An over view of the US economy, (22) 9:31-35 Ingdahl, W. (2008). Global Financial Markets Want an Immediate, Bold, and Coordinated Policy Response. New York: London Press Lachman, D. (2008). What can global policymakers learn from the Swedish financial crisis of the early 1990s? Washington: US economic crisis, (31) 11:67-90. Trembley, R. (2007). A Slowdown or a Recession in the U. S. in 2008? Carlifonia: Global financial crisis, (14)6:101-143.

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Factory Farms and Animal Cruelty Essay -- Religion Morals Animal Right

Factory Farms and Animal Cruelty Imagine that Christ meant these words literally. Imagine that accepting Christ as your personal savior required lunching with him. Of course, if Christ were coming over today for lunch, you would probably dust, vacuum, adjust the pictures on the walls, pick your best outfit, comb your hair, jot down a few questions about heaven. But what would the two of you eat? Would you serve Christ fried chicken? How would you feel about setting a plate of steaming, sizzling pork chops in front of your savior? A few hard-boiled eggs wouldn't hurt, right? Maybe a glass of milk to wash it all down? For many Christians, faith has little to do with what's in the fridge. Lunch with Christ would raise issues far more problematic than choice of food. However, I propose that if the above-mentioned foods came from modern factory farms, Christ would not eat or drink them. I will argue that Christians are obligated to be morally concerned about animals, and that this obligation brings Christians into moral conflict with modern factory farms. Furthermore, I will argue that Catholic Social Teaching (hereafter "CST") should emphasize a theocentric basis for such obligation and conflict. Rethinking Aquinas: Why Animals Matter Some Christians think the words "animal rights" smack of wacky liberalism or of sentimentality. Such thinking presupposes that animals are not proper objects of moral concern. After all, in Genesis God commanded Adam to rule over creation. God gave Noah "everything that lives and moves" for food (Gen. 1:28). Therefore, according to this way of thinking, animals exist exclusively as means to human ends. This position, which I call the Utility Thesis, does agree with some traditional Ca... ...nson, Andrew. Factory Farms. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991. Linzey, Andrew. Introduction. Animals on the Agenda. Ed. A. Linzey et al. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998. ---."The Theos-Rights of Animals." Animals and Christianity. Ed. A.Linzey et al. New York: Crossroad, 1990. Paape, Max. "Researchers Develop Effective Mastitis Treatments." Agricultural Research Service. 14 Jul. 2005. United States Department of Agriculture. 1 Nov. 2004 http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/ha/han15.htm Regan, Tom. Introduction. Animal Rights and Human Obligations. Ed. A. Linzey et al. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1976. Regan, Tom. "A Reply to Griffiths." Animals and Christianity. Ed. A. Linzey et al. New York: Crossroad, 1990. Wojtyla, Karol. "On Social Concern." Catholic Social Teaching. Office For Social Justice. 1 Nov. 2004 www.osjspm.org/cst/srs.htm

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

New York State standards Essay

It is important for grade 4 pupils to meet the standards for English Language Arts set forth in the New York State standards. It is in the light of this that great attention must be paid to the way English is taught in the grade 4 classroom. When a teacher prepares and delivers his or her lessons in English, she should do this with the objective of making sure that his or her pupils meet the standards of the State of New York in mind. The standards should be her guide as he or she delivers the lessons in English and administers both oral and written tests to find out whether or not his or her students have mastered the required skills. What educational strategies and instructional methods may be employed to ensure that grade 4 pupils meet the standards for English Language Arts set forth by the State of New York? One of the skills ( Education Planet, 2010) that grade 4 pupils are expected to have is being able to listen and speak in formal and informal settings wherein they are expected to talk with people of different ages, genders, and cultures. One instructional method (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island, 2000) that can be used to ensure that grade 4 pupils achieve the above mentioned skill is the communicative approach. In the communicative approach, the teacher gives more emphasis on language functions rather than on language structures. As such, when the teacher designs a lesson, her lesson is focused on a language function such as greeting a person, telling a story, giving directions, or asking for help with something. She then decides what language structures are suited for a particular language function. For instance, prepositions can be taught for pupils to learn how to give directions. The LEA or Language Experience Approach (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island, 2000) may be utilized by the teacher in teaching the uses of the different parts of speech. What the teacher does is make the pupils read a line of text. Then she asks questions like Ã¢â‚¬Å"What words were used to describe the flower? Ã¢â‚¬ and Ã¢â‚¬Å" What words were used to describe the mountain? Ã¢â‚¬ . The teacher may then tell the pupils that words like pretty, colorful, tall, and big are called adjectives and that adjectives are words used for describing. What about listening? What strategies or instructional methods can be utilized to develop listening skills among pupils? Pupils have to learn to become active rather than passive listeners. Here, the teacher can make use of the cloze test wherein the pupils are asked to listen to the teacher read a short poem twice. The pupils are then given a copy of the poem with some words left out. The pupils are to fill in the missing words after listening to the reading of the poem. With regard to developing skills in speaking, the teacher can make use of the audiolingual method wherein the teacher first teaches the pupils a set of expressions like Ã¢â‚¬Å"May I help you? Ã¢â‚¬ , Ã¢â‚¬Å"What time is it? Ã¢â‚¬ and Ã¢â‚¬Å"How do you do? Ã¢â‚¬ . She then asks the pupils to repeat each expression after him or her. The teacher can later have the pupils engage in a role play wherein they are given the chance to put into practice the expressions they have learned. Aside from acquiring listening and speaking skills for formal and informal situations, grade 4 pupils ( Education Planet, 2010) are also expected to learn how to write for social interaction and produce written messages to establish, maintain, and enhance personal relationships with others. One way of teaching writing with this purpose in mind is through the use of the interactive journal. How is this done? The teacher sets the topic for the class to write about. She then pairs off the students and makes sure that each pair has a small notebook. Pupil A then begins by writing something about the topic before turning the note over to his or her partner pupil B who reads and reacts to what pupil a has written about the topic. From time to time the teacher goes around to check to make sure that the students are not deviating from the topic. Letter writing could also be a useful activity in developing the pupilsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ social interaction skills. For example, after talking about how to take care of the environment, the teacher may ask pupils to write a letter to their congressman or mayor. The State of New York ( Education Planet 2010) expects grade 4 pupils to also be able to listen and read to evaluate experiences, ideas, information, and issues by using evaluative criteria from different perspectives and by recognizing the difference in evaluations based on different sets of criteria. One technique ( NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island, 2000) that the teacher can use to achieve this goal is the interactive approach to reading. Here the pupils do not only read but also interact with the material. By asking questions, the teacher allows the pupils to predict what will happen before the next part of the story is read, say whether or not they have the same experience as that of the character or characters in the story, comment on the actions of the characters, or even tell whether the story happened in real life or not. Grade 4 pupils ( Education Planet, 2010) are also expected to learn how to speak and write for critical analysis and evaluation by presenting opinions and judgments on experiences, ideas, information, and issues clearly, logically, and persuasively with reference to specific criteria on which the opinion or judgment is based. This goal can be attained by asking Why and How questions about a topic that had been read or listened to instead of the usual What, Who, and Where questions. Pupils may also be taught how to write and speak critically by asking them Ã¢â‚¬Å"What do you thinkÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"What ifÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ questions. Such kind of questions would allow them to present their opinions and judgments on an issue that had been read or listened to. Another standard that was set by the State of New York ( Education Planet 2010) is grade 4 pupils should be able to listen and read for literary response which involves comprehending, interpreting, and critiquing imaginative texts in every medium, drawing from personal experiences and knowledge to understand the text, and recognizing the social, historical, and cultural features of the text. In order to achieve this, the teacher can use the top down approach wherein the pupils can bring to fore their experiences and present knowledge in understanding the text. The pupil uses his or her experience and current knowledge to be able to relate to the text. The childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s schema is also utilized in being able to understand the meaning of each word and sentence in the text. Another skill ( Education Planet, 2010) that grade 4 pupils are expected to have is being able to speak and write for literary response which involves presenting interpretations, analysis, and reactions to the content and language of a text. Here the teacher can make use of the interactive approach in reading wherein the pupils are mad to interpret a line or a word in a poem. They are also made to react to the content of a poem or story and give their opinion and judgment regarding its contents either orally or in written form. Grade 4 pupils ( Education Planet, 2010) are also expected to speak and write for literary expression which involves producing imaginative texts that use language and text structures that are inventive and often multilayered. To develop this skill in the pupils, the teacher (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island, 2000) can make use of the KWL method. Here the pupils are asked to put down what they already know about the topic that will be discussed or text that would be read. The teacher then asks the pupils to write down or say what they expect to learn from the topic or text. After the teacher discusses the topic or read the text, the pupils are asked to write down or say what they have learned from the discussion of the topic or the reading of the text. Based on what they have learned, the pupils may create a new story or composition as a kind of learning synthesis. The State of New York ( Education Planet, 2010) also aims to develop in the pupils the ability to listen and read to acquire information and understanding which involves collecting data, facts, and ideas; discovering relationships, concepts, and generalizations; and using knowledge from oral, written, and electronic sources. The research method can be used to develop the above mentioned skill in the pupils. While listening to a text being read, the pupils are asked to pay close attention to important pieces of information and note these down in their notebooks. The same thing would be done as the pupils read a piece of text. The teachers may guide the pupils in using semantic maps which the pupils used to organize the pieces of information that they have picked up from listening to or reading the text. Semantic maps also allow the pupils to see the relationship among the different ideas. Aside from semantic maps, pupils may also be taught how to construct charts which also help organize pieces of information they have picked up. The State of New York ( Education Planet, 2010) also expects pupils to be able to speak and write to acquire and transmit information which requires asking probing and clarifying questions, interpreting information in oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s own words, applying information from one context to another, and presenting the information and interpretation clearly, concisely, and comprehensively. One method that the teacher could use to develop this skill among the grade 4 pupils involves prereading, reading, and postreading activities. In the prereading activity pupils are made to scan or skim the text. They are afterwards asked to come up with questions that they might want to ask about the material. The pupils then read the text and while reading, they try to look for answers to their own questions. They later present their answers to the class. With regard to asking questions, the teachers could invite a fireman, for example, to talk about his profession. After his talk, the pupils are encouraged to ask questions regarding what they listened to. What other educational strategies and instructional methods can the teacher utilize to improve the reading, speaking, writing, and listening skills of grade 4 pupils? With regard to improving the listening skills of the pupils, the teacher may dictate to the pupils a piece of text line by line. As she reads each line twice, the pupils write down each line in their notebooks. After the last line of the text had been read, the teacher reads the text again and asks the pupils to check what they wrote as they listen to the teacher read the text. Another educational strategy that the teacher can employ to improve the listening skills of grade 4 pupils is to have them listen to the teacher playback a recorded newscast or story. The teacher may opt to playback the recorded newscast or story twice. He or she then gives the pupils an exercise to answer to test how well they listened to the recorded newscast or story. The test can be a fill in the blanks or multiple choice type of exercise. These can de done again and again until the pupils attain an acceptable level of mastery. The speaking skills of grade 4 pupils can be improved by introducing them to debate. Here the pupils are given the chance to express their opinions, views, and judgments regarding an issue. Asking grade 4 pupils to retell a story they have read is also a good way of improving the speaking skills of grade 4 pupils. The pupils retell a story in front of the class through the use of visual aids. They may also be encouraged to create their own stories and share it with the rest of the class. Teaching pupils how to conduct an interview is another way of improving their listening and speaking skills, One pupil could play the role of TV reporter while another pupil could be the person being interviewed. To apply what they have learned about interviewing people, pupils could be asked to interview, let us say, the nurse in their community and have them report the results of the interview in front of the class. Show and Tell is also a good way of developing the speaking skills of grade 4 pupils. They may be asked to bring to class a favorite pet or toy and talk about these in front of the class. The pupils might also be asked to draw any picture and then call them one by one to the front of the class to talk about their picture. What educational strategies or instructional methods may be employed to improve the writing skills of pupils? Aside from journal or letter writing, grade 4 pupils may be taught how to write a haiku or a tanka on any topic of their choice. They could then share with their classmates what they wrote. Other activities that could improve the writing skills of pupils are poster making, making greeting cards. The integrated approach can also be used to improve the writing skills of grade 4 pupils. For example, the teacher could conduct a simple experiment inside the classroom. While the teacher is doing the experiment, the pupils can write down what they observe and their conclusions after the teacher finishes conducting the experiment, The teacher could also have the pupils read a story and organize the sequence of events as they happened in the story. Based on the arranged sequence of events, the pupils could be asked to rewrite the story. With regard to improving the reading skills of the pupils, the teacher could make use of SSR or Sustained Silent Reading wherein the teacher sets aside a few minutes of the period to allow the pupils to read their favorite book. This sustains pupilsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ interest in reading. DRTA or Directed Reading Thinking Activity ( NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island, 2000) can also be utilized by the teacher to improve the reading skills of grade 4 pupils. The teacher first reads the title of the text and he or she asks the pupils what they think the story is going to be about. He or she then solicits different answers from the pupils. The teacher then reads the first paragraph of the story and stops to ask the pupils what they think will happen in the next part of the story. He or she writes their predictions on the board. After reading the next part of the story the teacher erases the answers on the board that are no longer needed. The procedure goes on until the story is finished. The pupils may be asked to write a summary of the story. Aside from DRTA, the ETR or Experience Text Relationship (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island, 2000) method may be utilized to improve the reading skills of grade 4 pupils. The teacher begins by asking the pupils what they know about the text that is going to be read. The teacher then reads the story along with the pupils and pausing every know and then to discuss the part of the story that had just been read and ask what the pupils thin will happen in the next part of the story. After the story had been read, the teacher discusses the story with pupils and ask them to relate it to their personal experience. The PreP or the Prereading Plan (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island, 2000) also helps in improving the reading skills of grade 4 pupils since it attempts to trigger previous knowledge and provide background knowledge which will help the pupils understand what they are reading. The teacher begins by introducing a main concept to the pupils to prepare them for what is to be read or listened to. For instance the teacher could start by saying, Ã¢â‚¬Å" Today, we are a going to talk about a planet. Who can tell me what a planet is. Ã¢â‚¬ He or she then allows the pupils to give their own ideas of the concept and lists these down on the board or on a chart. After correcting some misconceptions about the topic or idea, the teacher asks the pupils to write something about the idea by utilizing the words on the board or on the chart. After having written something about the topic, the pupils are now ready to read the text that talks about the topic they wrote about. The SQ3R or the Survey Question Read Write Review (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island , 2000) is another method that is utilized by teachers to help improve the reading skills of grade pupils. The teacher first asks the pupils to look at the title, the headings of paragraphs, the introduction , and the conclusion of the text that they are about to read. This helps the pupils gain an idea about the text before they actually start reading it. The pupils are then asked to read the questions at the end of the text so that more or less they will have an idea of the kind of information that they are expected to look for from the text. The teacher may now ask the pupils to read the text. The teacher reminds the pupils to take note of ideas and words that they do not understand and to read the text the second time around. The next things that the pupils are asked to do is to write the answers to the questions found at the end of the text. They may read the answers aloud in front of the class. The teacher advises the pupils to review that they wrote to ensure that the information remains fresh inside their minds. Teachers (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island , 2000) also utilize story grammar to improve the reading skills of grade 4 pupils. Pupils are taught the four major components of story grammar which are main character and main problem or conflict, character clues which involve the actions of the characters, their dialogue, thoughts, physical qualities, and their reactions to other characters and events, the solving of the problem or conflict, and the theme of the story. Breaking down the story into the above mentioned components help the pupils understand easily what they just read. Semantic maps may also be used as an organizer of the components of story grammar. Strategic Reading (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island 2000) is quite similar to the other approaches used in teaching reading to grade 4 pupils. The teacher begins by asking the pupils what they know about what is going to be read and what they expect to learn. Afterward, the teacher employs Click and Clunk while the pupils are reading the first part of the text. Clunks are the words or ideas that pupils find difficult to understand. The teacher helps the pupils Ã¢â‚¬Å"fixÃ¢â‚¬ the clunks as they continue reading the text. The same thing is done for the other parts of the text. The teacher wraps up the reading activities by asking the pupils to say what they have learned from what they just read. With Sample Reading Strategies, (NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island, 2000) teachers ask the pupils to say what they know about what is going to be read, write about an experience related to the topic, say something about the title of the text that will be read, make predictions about the contents of the text, skim the text for general ideas, or read the opening part and the closing part of the text. While reading, pupils may encounter words that are not familiar. The teachers help the pupils figure the meaning of the words by using context clues. Pupils may be also asked to predict what would happen in the next paragraph or draw pictures to show what they understand about what they have read so far. After reading, pupils may be asked to make an outline, a chart, a map or diagram to show what they have understood about the text. They may also be asked to retell what they have read or relate what they have read to their own experience. CBLI or Context Based Language Instruction makes learning language for pupils also interesting. In CBLI, the teacher makes use of real life texts rather than nursery rhymes or classic stories. Real life text may be in the form of a news article, recipes, posters, advertisements, or brochures. The teacher uses these to help pupils understand how language structures are applied in real life. For example, recipes, posters, and advertisements make plenty of use of action verbs. Instructional leaflets also make use of a lot of action verbs as well as prepositions. Sugestopedia is another method that teachers use to teach language to grade 4 pupils. Before having pupils read the text, the teacher prepares the mood of the classroom by playing soft music. She then asks the pupils to close their eyes and listen carefully to what is going to be read. Music helps condition the mind of the pupils and allows them to concentrate on what is being read. Aside from sugestopedia, teachers also help improve the listening and comprehension skills of the pupils by asking them to perform the appropriate action for a word. For example when the teacher says Ã¢â‚¬Å"sitÃ¢â‚¬ , the pupils sit down. When the teacher says Ã¢â‚¬Å"standÃ¢â‚¬ the pupils stand up. When the teacher says Ã¢â‚¬Å"Step backwardsÃ¢â‚¬ the pupils move one step back. This helps the pupils become with the meaning attached to words aside from becoming familiar with the words themselves. There are many other techniques that teachers can employ in honing the English communication skills of grade 4 pupils. However, the technique that must be employed by the teacher should be suitable to the learning abilities of grade 4 pupils. References (2010). English Language Arts State Standards for New York. Lesson Planet. Retrieved August 20, 2010 from http://www. lessonplanet. com. (n. d. ). Ideas for Teaching Writing. KimÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Korner for Teacher Talk. Retrieved August 22, 2010 from http://www. kimskorner4teachertalk. com. (2000) Teaching Second Language Reading. NadaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ESL Island Resources for Teachers and Students. Retrieved August 20, 2010 from http://www. Nadaisland. com.